Principles of Plant Physiology with reference to plant nutrition, absorption, translocation and metabolism of nutrients
Discuss various theories of ion uptake with respect to passive absorption. (10M, CSE 2024)
Discuss in brief the practical significance of plant physiology in agriculture. (8M, IFoS-2023)
What is imbibition? Differentiate between osmosis and diffusion. (10M, IFoS-2022)
Discuss the mechanisms of absorption and translocation of mineral nutrients in plants. (20M, CSE 2022)
Enumerate factors responsible for absorption of nutrients by plants. Explain the mechanism of absorption of nutrients. (10M, 150W, CSE 2020)
Define plant nutrition. Give an account of essential and beneficial nutrients to plant and their status in Indian soils. (20M, CSE 2020)
What are the different methods of diagnosis of mineral nutrient deficiency? Describe the role and deficiency symptoms of zinc in rice and sulphur in oilseed crops. (10M, CSE 2018)
Describe the criteria of essentiality of nutrients. Classify the essential nutrients for plants. Discuss the role of phosphorus and calcium in crops with special reference to pulses. (10M, 150W, CSE 2017)
Explain the mechanism of absorption of salts. Give potassium, calcium and iron deficiency symptoms in plants. (10M, 150W, CSE 2016)
Write the essential nutrients required by plants for growth and development. Explain the boron deficiency symptom in Cauliflower and Litchi. (12.5M, CSE 2015)
Briefly describe the mechanisms of ion transport across membranes. (10M, 150W, CSE 2013)
Discuss Biochemical functions of N and K in plants. (12.5M, 200W, CSE 2013)
Discuss the passive and active uptake nutrients by plants. (200W, 20M, CSE 2008)
Describe the role of Physiology in crop improvement (20M, CSE 1997)
Discuss passive and active uptake of nutrients by plants (20M, CSE 1996)
Absorption and Adsorption (CSE 1993)
Active absorption and Passive absorption (CSE 1991)
Absorption and Adsorption (CSE 1989)
Soil – water- plant relationship
Briefly explain the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC). How are rooting characteristics related to the moisture extraction pattern from the soil? (10M, CSE 2024)
Write in detail about the anatomy and cytology of stomata. Also, explain about the factors affecting stomatal movement. (15M, IFoS-2023)
How does CO2 fixation take place in succulent plants? Why do the stomata open at night and close during the day in CAM plants? Mention the families of Angiosperms in which succulents are available. (15M, IFoS-2023)
Give account of stomate anatomy and cytology. Write down the effect of light, water, deficit, CO2 concentration and temperature. On stomatal movement along with the underlying mechanism. (20M CSE 2023)
Give classification of soil water. Briefly discuss soil moisture availability with respect to soil type. (10M 150W CSE 2023)
Describe the mechanisms involved in absorption of water in plants. Explain the factor affecting the water absorption rate in plants. (20M, CSE 2021)
Describe the factors affecting the rate of transpiration and its significance in crop production. (8M, IFoS 2021)
Explain various mechanisms for water transport in plants. (10M, IFoS 2020)
Describe the role of transpiration in relation to productivity. (10M, IFoS-2019)
What do you mean by Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC)? Describe the different soil moisture constants. (15M, CSE 2018)
“Transpiration is necessary evil” Explain and Justify the statement. (10M, IFoS-2018)
Diffusion and osmosis. (15M, IFoS-2017)
Define ‘evapo-transpiration’. How is it affected by various factors? Briefly discuss the passive absorption of water by plants. (20M, CSE 2017)
Give evidences supporting translocation of organic solutes in phloem. Explain Ringing experiment (12.5M, CSE 2016)
Differentiate between transpiration and guttation. Why permanent wilting takes place? (12.5M, CSE 2016)
Explain the phenomenon of passive absorption and give the factors affecting the rate of absorption of water. (12.5M, CSE 2016)
How is water absorbed by land plants? Explain various external conditions affecting water absorption by roots. (12.5M, CSE 2016)
What are the fundamental difference between transpiration and guttation? In a winter morning, water droplet might be noticed on some plant leaves. How could it be ascertained whether the water droplet were those of dew drops or guttation water? (10M, CSE 2014)
Difference between incipient wilting, temporary wilting and permanent wilting. Classify different types of droughts and mention how are they related to each other. (10M, CSE 2014)
Give an account of different types of water present in soil. (12.5M, CSE 2014)
Short notes Water potential of plant cells. (12.5M, 200W, CSE 2013)
Gravitational water and Hydroscopic water (10M, CSE 2013)
Explain Mechanism of translocation of water from roots to leaves. (12.5M, 200W, CSE 2013)
Short notes Water potential of plant cells. (12.5M, 200W, CSE 2013)
Explain Mechanism of translocation of water from roots to leaves. (12.5M, 200W, CSE 2013)
Outline the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata with reference to K+ ion transport mechanism. (15M, CSE 2010)
Describe the diffusion phenomenon involved in water relation of crops. (20M, 200W, CSE 2007)
Define diffusion. What factors influence the rate of diffusion? (20M, 200W, CSE 2006)
Define transpiration. What are the factors affecting transpiration? (20M, CSE 2004)
Short notes on Osmotic pressure of cell sap (20M, CSE 2003)
Short notes on imbibitions (20M, CSE 1999)
Write briefly Osmosis and Turgor. (20M, 200W, CSE 1999)
Guttation and Exudation (CSE 1989)
Enzymes and plant pigments
What is phytochrome? Discuss its two forms and differentiate them. (20M, CSE 2024)
Explain the properties and functions of enzymes in plants. (10M, CSE 2024)
Write a note on chlorophyll pigments. (10M, IFoS-2023)
Enlist various photosynthetic pigments. Give a detailed account of chlorophyll synthesis along with the enzyme involved in the process. Also mention the role of carotenoid in photosynthesis. (20M CSE 2023)
Discuss various factors affecting enzyme activity in plants. (8M, IFoS-2022)
Discuss the photosynthetic pigments in plants and the factors influencing photosynthesis. (10M, IFoS 2021)
What are enzymes? Describe ‘key-lock theory’ with respect to mode of enzyme action. (15M, CSE 2021)
Define enzyme. Give a note on the factors affecting the rate of enzyme activities in plants. (10M, 150W, CSE 2018)
Discuss the role of metal ions in enzyme activity. (8M, IFoS-2018)
Enzyme and Plant pigments (10M, IFoS-2018)
What is phytochrome? Enlist different processes mediated by phytochrome. (15M, IFoS-2017)
Enlist the enzymes requiring metal activators. (8M, IFoS-2017)
Enlist the factor affecting enzyme activity and give the importance of hydrogen-ion concentration. (10M, IFoS-2016)
Explain the effect of concentration of enzyme on its activity. Give different methods for regulating the enzymic activity. (12.5M, CSE 2016)
What are Enzymes? Write the properties and factors affecting enzyme’s activity. (10M, 150W, CSE 2015)
Show full reaction where
Alcohol dehydrogenase,
Nitrate reductase
Glucokinase and
Succinate dehydrogense are involved, there with mentioning respective co-factor, co-enzyme, prosthetic group etc., if so required. (10M, CSE 2014)
Short notes on plant enzymes and their role in the vital activities of plant (15M, 150W, CSE 2011)
What are ENZYMES? Discuss their mode of action in plant system? (20M, CSE 2007)
Short notes on plant pigments (20M, CSE 2003)
Write about the classification of enzymes based on their role and how is their action regulated. (20M, CSE 1999)
Write briefly carotenoids (20M, 200W, CSE 1999)
Short notes on plant pigments (20M, CSE 1998)
What are the factors that influence enzymatic reactions? Explain with suitable examples. (20M, 200W, CSE 1996)
What are enzymes and coenzymes? Explain their properties, mode of action with suitable examples. (CSE 1993)
Describe the various enzymes found in fruits and vegetables. What is their specific action? How is velocity of enzyme action affected by temperature? (200W, CSE 1992)
Constitutive and Inducible enzymes (CSE 1991)
Photosynthesis- modern concepts and factors affecting
Discuss the cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. (15M, IFoS-2017)
What is photophosphorylation? Distinguish between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. Give schematic structure of both the pathways. (20M, CSE2017)
Differentiate between cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport of photosynthesis. (10M, IFoS-2015)
Short note on Photosynthesis and Photorespiration along with their chemical reactions. (10M, IFoS-2014)
Write short note on Hill reaction. Prove that O2 evolved during photosynthesis comes from water and not from O2. (10M, CSE 2014)
Define oxidative phosphprylation and photo-physphorylation. Distinguish non-cyclic and cyclic electron transport process of photosynthesis. (20M, 200W, CSE 2010)
The physiological processes mediated by phytochrome pigment. (15M, 150W, CSE 2010)
Distinguish between respiration and photosynthesis (20M, 200W, CSE 2006)
Define photosynthesis. Discuss its dark and light reactions. (20M, 200W, CSE 2005)
Define photosynthesis in plants. Narrate the sequential processes occurring therein with an illustration. (20M, CSE 2004)
Differentiate in detail between photosynthesis and respiration processes. (20M, CSE 1998)
What are dark and light reactions in photosynthesis? (20M, CSE 1998)
Describe translocation of Photosynthates. (20M, 200W, CSE 1997)
Short notes on ATP (20M, CSE 1996)
Discuss the impact of global climatic changes on photosynthesis and plant productivity in relation to Indian agriculture. (60M, CSE 1994)
Photosynthesis and Respiration (CSE 1993)
Why is Hatch Slack pathway of photosynthesis considered efficient? Describe the pathway. (CSE 1991)
Photosynthesis and TRUE respiration (CSE 1989)
How do you measure photosynthesis? Give an account on the recent views on mechanism of photosynthesis. (CSE 1989)
Two crop species show equal rates of photosynthesis in laboratory tests, but one has much greater production potential than the other. (CSE 1989)
The reported existence of photosystem I and II
The discovery of photosynthetic unit and quantasomes.
Development of ‘Sink’ is more important than ‘Source’ Discuss using examples from cereals, pulses and oilseeds. (CSE 1989)
C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms.
List the reactions of Calvin cycle and Hatch slack cycle for CO2 fixation in plants along with enzymes involved. (20M CSE 2023)
Differentiate between C3 and C4 plants (5M, IFoS-2022)
Discuss photorespiration. What is the relationship between photorespiration and photosynthesis? (20M, CSE 2022)
Differentiate between C3 and C4 plants (CSE 2020)
Explain C3, C4 and CAM mechanism in plants and their importance in changing climatic conditions. (10M, 150W, CSE 2018)
“C4 plants are more water-use efficient compared to C3 Plants “Explain by Citing Suitable examples. (10M, IFoS-2018)
Explain crassulation acid metabolism. How they are better suited to extreme desiccation? (10M, IFoS-2016)
Give major characteristics of CAM plants. (150W, 8M, IFoS-2015)
What do you mean by C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms? (10M, 150W, CSE 2015)
Briefly describe the relative responses of photosynthesis in C3 and C4 plants to temperature and CO2 concentration. (10M, 150W, CSE 2013)
Distinguish between the C3 and C4 mechanisms of photosynthesis and discuss the biological significance of C4 cycle. (15M, 150W, CSE 2011)
CAM mechanism (150W, 15M, CSE 2008)
Describe the specific features of C4 plants. How they differ from C3 type? (20M, 200W, CSE 2007)
Write briefly C4 plant (20M, 200W, CSE 1999)
Write briefly Glycolysis (20M, 200W, CSE 1999)
Discuss the relative photosynthetic efficiency of C-3 and C-4 plants. (200W, CSE 1995)
Describe, some of the physiological reasons, why water deficiencies are inhibitory to Photosynthesis. (CSE 1992)
Explain the causes for the lack of photorespiration in C plants. Critically calculate the various attempts in regulate photo respiration in C plants. (CSE 1991)
The use of CO in tracing the path of carbon on ‘dark’ reaction (iu). Glycolate metabolism and photorespiration. (CSE 1990)
What are the major physiological differences between C3 and C4 plants? How these physiological differences are related to dry matter production? (CSE 1990)
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, Factors affecting aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Describe the process of anaerobic respiration and explain the factors affecting respiration. (20M, CSE 2024)
Explain in detail the Krebs cycle. (8M, IFoS 2020)
Differentiate in detail between photosynthesis and respiration processes. (20M, CSE 1998)
Short notes on Photorespiration (20M, CSE 1996)
Short notes on ATP (20M, CSE 1996)
Cytochrome and Chlorophyll (CSE 1991)
What are the two phases of respiration? Explain the process of Kreb’s cycle and how much energy is released in one cycle of reaction. (CSE 1990)
What is meant by efficiency of a biological system? How, would you rate the efficiency of: (CSE 1990)
respiration
protein synthesis
Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (CSE 1989)
Carbohydrate, Protein and fat metabolism
Discuss pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in plants. (10M CSE 2023)
Give a detailed account of sucrose metabolism in plants. (10M, CSE 2022)
How are vitamins classified? Name the blood clotting vitamin. Give its various functions and sources. (10M, 150W, CSE 2019)
Growth and development; Photoperiodism and Vernalilzation
How does photoperiodism influence plant growth and development? Explain with suitable examples. (10M, IFoS-2023)
Discuss the growth and development in plants. Describe various parameters for measuring the plant growth. (15M, IFoS-2022)
What do you understand by vernalization? Describe the practical application in crops. (20M, CSE
Describe the influence of photoperiodism and vernalisation in flowering of plants. (10M, IFoS
Define photoperiodism and discuss its mechanism in short-day plants. (8M, IFoS-2019)
Describe the changes that take place in plant during development. (10M, IFoS-2019)
What are plant growth regulators? How do they differ from phytohormones? Indicate the application of plant growth regulators in agriculture (10M, CSE 2017)
Distinguish between photoperiodism and vernalization. (10M, IFoS-2016)
What is photoperiodism? Write at least one example of shortday plant, longday plant and day neutral plant (12.5 M, CSE 2015)
What is the mechanism of vernalization? Give its significance in agriculture. (10M, IFoS-2015)
What is mean by ‘sigmoid’ growth curve? Draw and describe a sigmoid growth curve citing its different phases. (10M, CSE 2014)
Growth and development in plants. (10M, IFoS-2014)
Describe the process of senescence and the factors responsible for it. (10M, IFoS-2014)
Define vernalization. How vernalization is activated in plants? Briefly discuss its importance in agriculture. (12.5M, CSE 2014)
Photoperiodism and Thermoperiodism (10M, CSE 2013)
What is photo insensitivity? Discuss its significance in crop production. (15M, 150W, CSE 2011)
Photoperiodism and vernalization (CSE 2008)
What are phytohormones? Discuss their application in crop production? (200W, 20M, CSE 2008)
Describe the photo-periodism in crop plants (20M, CSE 2007)
Distinguish between Short-day and Long-day plants (20M, CSE 2007)
Short notes on Photo-periodism (20M, 200W, CSE 2006)
Discuss about photo-periodism and vernalization (20M, 200W, CSE 2005)
Discuss the role of photo-periodism and vernalization (20M, 200W, CSE 2003)
Explain the role of vernalization in crop production. (20M, 200W, CSE 2001)
Short note on Vernalization (20M, CSE 2000)
Short notes on ripening of fruits (20M, CSE 1999)
Write about the phytochrome and its distribution in plants. (20M, 200W, CSE 1999)
Short note on Short day plants and Long day plants (20M, CSE 1998)
Define growth. Describe main stages of growth in plants. (20M, CSE 1997)
Explain the internal and external factors that favour flowering. (20M, 200W, CSE 1996)
What is the practical value of apical dominance? (CSE 1995)
State the place of origin, translocation, effect on plant growth and mode of disintegration of natural auxins in plants. (CSE 1993)
Vernalization (CSE 1993)
Senescence (CSE 1993)
Growth promoter and Growth retardant (CSE 1993)
Phototropism Versus Geotropism. (CSE 1992)
What is special dominance? Of what practical value is the knowledge of apical dominance? (CSE
Give a critical resume of the current states of our knowledge on growth regulators in the production, harvesting and preservation of horticultural crops. (CSE 1991)
Discuss the role of water in physiology of crop plants. What is the significance of transpiration in plants and what are the factors affecting this phenomenon? (1990)
What is the photoperiodism? How does it affect crop plant distribution and yield? Make special mention of Indian work on photoperiodism. (CSE 1990)
Photoperiodism and Thermoperiodism (CSE 1989)
With the help of suitable diagrams, compare the phasic divisions and growth stages in early and late maturing high yielding varieties of rice, How does this knowledge help in planning the nursery and field husbandry practices? (CSE 1990)
Plant growth substances and their role in crop production
Explain the biosynthesis of gibberellins. Also, list the role of gibberellins in plants. With suitable examples, write about the commercial uses of gibberellins in agriculture. (15M, IFoS-2023)
Enlist role of auxin in Agriculture with suitable examples. (10M 150W CSE 2023)
What are plant growth regulators? Explain the functions of auxins in plants and mechanism of their action. (8M, IFoS 2021)
Write down the physiological effects of auxin in plants. (8M, IFoS 2020)
Define plant growth regulators. Elaborate their applications with suitable examples. (15M, CSE 2020)
Differentiate between Plant hormones and Synthetic plant-growth regulators (CSE 2020)
Discuss the role of auxin and cytokinins in plant growth and development. (8M, IFoS-2019)
Growth regulator and Growth inhibitor (8M, IFoS-2019)
Define auxins and explain their role in crop life cycles. Also, discuss the uses of auxins in agriculture. (10M, CSE 2018)
What is abscisic acid? Give physiological roles of ABA. (10M, IFoS-2016)
Distinguish between Auxins and gibberellins. (10M, IFoS-2015)
How growth can be distinguished from development and indicate the role of ethylene in plants. (10M, IFoS-2015)
What are gibberellins? Discuss their role in the life cycle of a plant. (150W, 8M, IFoS-2014)
Role of gibberellins in plant growth and development. (12.5M, CSE 2013)
What is the place of origin, translocation, effect on plant growth and mode of disintegration of natural auxins in plants? (CSE 1995)
In what way do ‘Plant Growth Substances’ differ from ‘Plant Hormones’ Name some important natural as well as synthetic plant growth substances and describe briefly their physiological role. (200W, CSE 1992)
What are the similarities and dissimilarities between auxins and gibberellins? (CSE 1991)
Define a growth regulator. Discuss the physiological effect of auxins in plants. (CSE 1989)
Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy
What is bud dormancy? Explain its causes and the means to break bud dormancy. (8M, IFoS-2023)
What is dormancy of seed? Explain the causes of seed dormancy and methods to break the dormancy. (15M, IFoS 2021)
Describe various factors for seed dormancy and methods for breaking the dormancy. (10M, IFoS 2020)
Define dormant and hard seeds. Describe the physiological basis of seed dormancy along with methods to overcome this problem. (10M, 150W, CSE 2019)
Explain the different stages of seed development with suitable diagram. (8M, IFoS-2019)
What is the significance of beta oxidation in germinating seeds? (10M, IFoS-2018)
Discuss orthrodox and recalcitrant seeds with suitable examples. (10M, IFoS-2018)
Describe the physiological role of gibberellic acid in seed germination process. (8M, IFoS-2018)
Seed germination and Seed dormancy. (10M, IFoS-2018)
What do you understand by seed dormancy? Discuss the reasons for seed dormancy. Also, describe the various methods for breaking seed dormancy. (15M, CSE 2018)
Distinguish between Germination and Dormancy. (10M, IFoS-2016)
What are the various treatment suggested to improve seed germination? (150W, 8M, IFoS-2015)
Short notes on the influence of various spectrums of light on root development, Stem growth and the maturity of fruit in fruit plants (15M, 150W, CSE 2010)
What is dormancy of seed? How it is managed? (20M, CSE 2007)
Describe the genetic purity of seed and its importance in agriculture (20M, 200W, CSE 2006)
Short notes on Germination and dormancy (20M, CSE 2003)
Explain about the causes of seed dormancy. Suggest methods of breaking seed dormancy. (20M, CSE 1999)
Short note on Seed dormancy (20M, CSE 1998)
Short note on Acid Treatment of Seed (20M, CSE 1997)
Describe the Genetic Purity of Seed. (CSE 1996)
Discuss the principles of breaking seed dormancy. (20M, CSE 1996)
What is dormancy. In what types of plants, you come across dormancy? What factors help to break dormancy and what are the chemicals used for breaking dormancy? (CSE 1993)
Seed dormancy (CSE 1993)
What is the role of Seed Moisture Content ‘Relative Humidity’ and Temperature’ it dividually and in coordination on the seed longevity in storage? (200W, CSE 1992)
Why do starchy seeds decrease proportionately more in dry weight during germination than oily seeds? (CSE 1989)
Stress physiology – drought, salt and water stress
Define water stress. Discuss the effects of water stress on anatomical and physiological changes in plant growth. Also discuss soil and weather-based plant water stress indicators. (20M, CSE 2024)
Describe the role of brassinosteroids and salicylic acid hormones in agriculture. (8M, IFoS-2022)
Define biotic stress in plants. Explain the role of salicylic acid in a plant’s response to biotic stress. (10M, CSE 2022)
What is plant physiological stress? Describe morphological and physiochemical changes taking place in plants under drought condition. (15M, CSE 2021)
Give a brief account of the effects of drought and salt stress on growth and development of crops. (10M, 150W, CSE 2020)
The rate of transpiration governs the growth of a plant.” Justify the statement with reasoning for how transpiration is influenced by the environment. (10M, 150W, CSE 2019)
Discuss the effects of water stress on plant growth and development. Describe plant borne mechanisms to escape from drought and stress situation. (15M, CSE 2018)
What is stress physiology? Write the physiology of seed germination and development. (12.5M, CSE 2015)
Define the term stress. Give and account on how water deficit is created inside the tissue system in relation to injury and tolerance mechanism. (15M, 200W, CSE 2012)
What is plant anti-transparent? Discuss their application giving suitable examples. (15M, 150W, CSE 2011)
Short note on Temperature induced injuries in fruits and vegetables (15M, 150W, CSE 2010)
Differentiate stress from strain. Give an account of morphological adaptive changes in plants to survive drought situation (20M, 200W, CSE 2010)
Describe the temperature-induced injuries in fruits, vegetables and flower crops. Explain the strategies by which these injuries can be avoided. (20M, CSE 2001)
