# fundaias.com ## Posts - [Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals, and humans | UPSC Agriculture Optional](https://fundaias.com/environmental-pollution-and-associated-hazards-to-crops-animals-and-humans-upsc-agriculture-optional/): Environmental Pollution and Associated Hazards – UPSC Agriculture Optional In agricultural ecology and environmental geography, environmental pollution represents the anthropogenic distortion of the biophysical matrix (atmosphere, hydrosphere, and rhizosphere). This distortion breaches ecological carrying capacities, shifting highly productive landscapes into degraded states. For a UPSC Agriculture Optional candidate, environmental pollution must be evaluated not merely... - [Agro-Ecology and Cropping Patterns as Environmental Indicators | UPSC Agriculture Optional](https://fundaias.com/agro-ecology-and-cropping-patterns-as-environmental-indicators-upsc-agriculture-optional/): Agro-ecology is the scientific discipline that applies ecological concepts and principles to the design, management, and evaluation of sustainable agricultural systems. Rather than viewing farms merely as industrial units for biomass extraction, agro-ecology treats agricultural landscapes as complex socio-ecological ecosystems where crops, soil biota, livestock, humans, and microclimatic variables interact. Within this systemic framework, cropping... - [Physical and Social Environment as factors of Crop Distribution and Production | UPSC Agriculture Optional](https://fundaias.com/physical-and-social-environment-as-factors-of-crop-distribution-and-production-upsc-agriculture-optional/): Crop production and distribution are fundamentally shaped by external surroundings. When discussing physical and social environments as factors, we are looking at how the natural constraints of the Earth and the cultural choices of human society determine where crops can grow and how they reach consumers. Factor responsible for Crop production and distribution Crop production... - [Natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation | UPSC Agriculture Optional](https://fundaias.com/natural-resources-their-sustainable-management-and-conservation-upsc-agriculture-optional/): Natural Resources – UPSC Agriculture Optional Natural resources are naturally occurring components, materials, and processes of the Earth that have actual or potential utility for human beings and support life, livelihoods, and economic activities. In simple terms, any naturally occurring substance or environmental component that humans can use to satisfy their needs may be regarded... - [Ecology and Its Relevance to Man | UPSC Agriculture Optional](https://fundaias.com/ecology-and-its-relevance-to-man-upsc-agriculture-optional/): What is Environment? The environment refers to the sum total of all the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) conditions that surround an organism and influence its growth, development, survival, reproduction, and distribution. In simple words, the environment is the immediate surroundings in which an organism lives, interacts, and carries out its life processes. The environment... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2026 PYQP – Paper II | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2026-pyqp-paper-ii-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2026 PYQP – Paper II खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2026 PYQP – Paper I | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2026-pyqp-paper-i-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2026 PYQP – Paper I खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional Syllabus – Paper 1 & Paper 2](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-syllabus-paper-1-paper-2/): UPSC Agriculture Optional Syllabus – Paper 1 & Paper 2 UPSC Agriculture Optional Syllabus (Paper-1) Ecology and Environmental Science Agronomy Forestry Weed Science Soil and Nutrient Management Soil Water Conservation Agriculture Economics Agricultural Extension UPSC Agriculture Optional Syllabus (Paper-2) Cell Biology & Genetics Plant Breeding Seed Production and Technology Plant Physiology Horticulture and Landscaping Plant... - [UPSC Food Production and Nutrition Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-food-production-and-nutrition-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Food Production and Nutrition Food production and consumption trends in India Food security and growing population – vision 2020, Food grain productivity and food security Reasons for grain surplus National and international food policies, Policy implementation in context to globalization Production, procurement, distribution constraints. Public Distribution System and Below Poverty Line population, Availability of food... - [UPSC Plant Protection Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-plant-protection-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Plant Protection Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation crops and their economic importance Classification of pests and diseases and their management Integrated pest and disease management Storage pests and their management Biological control of pests and diseases Epidemiology and forecasting of major crop pests and diseases Plant quarantine measures... - [UPSC Horticulture and Landscaping Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-horticulture-and-landscaping-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Horticulture and Landscaping Major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables, spices and flower crops Major fruits Plantation crops Vegetables Spices Flower crops Package practices of major horticultural crops Protected cultivation and high-tech horticulture Post harvest technology and value addition of fruits and vegetables Landscaping and commercial floriculture Medicinal and aromatic plants Role of fruits and vegetables in... - [UPSC Plant Physiology Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-plant-physiology-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Plant Physiology Principles of Plant Physiology with reference to plant nutrition, absorption, translocation and metabolism of nutrients Soil – water- plant relationship Enzymes and plant pigments Photosynthesis- modern concepts and factors affecting C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, Factors affecting aerobic and anaerobic respiration Carbohydrate, Protein and fat metabolism Growth and development;... - [UPSC Seed Production and Technology Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-seed-production-and-technology-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Seed Production and Technology Seed production and processing technologies Seed certification, seed testing and storage DNA finger printing and seed registration Role of public and private sectors in seed production and marketing Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues, WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture - [UPSC Plant Breeding Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-plant-breeding-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Plant Breeding History of plant breeding Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques Origin, evolution and domestication of crop plants, centre of origin, law of homologous series, crop genetic resources conservation and utilization Application of principles of plant breeding, improvement of crop plants Molecular markers and their application in plant improvement Pure-line selection, pedigree, mass... - [UPSC Cell Biology & Genetics Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-cell-biology-genetics-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Cell Biology & Genetics Cell structure, function, and cell cycle Synthesis, structure, and function of genetic material Laws of heredity Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations Linkage and cross-over, and their significance in recombination breeding Polyploidy, euploids and aneuploids Mutations- and their role in crop improvement Heritability, sterility and incompatibility, classification and their application in crop improvement... - [UPSC Agriculture Extension Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-extension-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Agriculture Extension Agricultural extension, its importance and role Methods of evaluation of extension programmes Socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers Training programmes for extension workers Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in dissemination of Agricultural technologies Non-Government Organization (NGO) and self-help group approach for rural development - [UPSC Agriculture Ecnomics Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-ecnomics-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Agriculture Ecnomics Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resource use and budgeting Economics of different types of farming systems Marketing management – strategies for development, market intelligence Price fluctuations and their cost Role of co-operatives in agricultural economy Types and systems of farming and factors affecting them. Agricultural price policy Crop Insurance - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2025 PYQP – Paper II | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2025-pyqp-paper-ii-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2025 PYQP – Paper II खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2025 PYQP – Paper I | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2025-pyqp-paper-i-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2025 PYQP – Paper I खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2024 PYQP – Paper II | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2024-pyqp-paper-ii-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2024 PYQP – Paper II खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2024 PYQP – Paper I | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2024-pyqp-paper-i-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2024 PYQP – Paper I खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2023 PYQP – Paper I | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2023-pyqp-paper-i-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2023 PYQP – Paper I खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2023 PYQP – Paper II | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2023-pyqp-paper-ii-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2023 PYQP – Paper II खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2022 PYQP – Paper II | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2022-pyqp-paper-ii-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2022 PYQP – Paper II खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2022 PYQP – Paper I | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2022-pyqp-paper-i-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2022 PYQP – Paper I खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2021 PYQP – Paper II | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2021-pyqp-paper-ii-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2021 PYQP – Paper II खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2021 PYQP – Paper I | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2021-pyqp-paper-i-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2021 PYQP – Paper I खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. प्र० सं० 5(a), 5(c), 5(d), 5 (e) को वर्णित कीजिए और... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2020 PYQs – Paper II | Previous Year Questions](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2020-pyqs-paper-ii-previous-year-questions/): Agriculture Optional 2020 PYQs – Paper II खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2020 PYQs – Paper I | Previous Year Questions](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2020-pyqs-paper-i-previous-year-questions/): Agriculture Optional 2020 PYQs – Paper I खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए: Describe the following in not more than 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए: Describe the following in... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2019 PYQP – Paper II | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2019-pyqp-paper-ii-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2019 PYQP – Paper II खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए: Describe the following in not more than 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए: Describe the following in... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2019 PYQP – Paper I | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2019-pyqp-paper-i-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2019 PYQP – Paper I खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए : Describe the following in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए : Describe the following in... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2018 PYQP – Paper II | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2018-pyqp-paper-ii-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2018 PYQP – Paper II खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों मेंदीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए:... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2018 PYQP – Paper I | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2018-pyqp-paper-i-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2018 PYQP – Paper I खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए: Describe the following in not more than 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए: Describe the following in... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2017 PYQP – Paper II | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2017-pyqp-paper-ii-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2017 PYQP – Paper II खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2017 PYQP – Paper I | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2017-pyqp-paper-i-previous-year-questions-paper/): Agriculture Optional 2017 PYQP – Paper I खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए: Describe the following in about 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए : Describe the following in about... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2016 PYQP – Paper II | Previous Year Questions Paper](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2016-pyqp-paper-ii-previous-year-questions/): Agriculture Optional 2016 PYQP – Paper II खण्ड- A / SECTION-A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए :Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (10x5 = 50) Q2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :Answer the following questions : (121/2x4 = 50) Q3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर... - [UPSC Agriculture Optional 2016 PYQs – Paper I | Previous Year Questions](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agriculture-optional-2016-pyqs-paper-i-previous-year-questions/): Agriculture Optional 2016 PYQs – Paper I खण्ड A / SECTION A Q1. निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए: Describe the following in not more than 150 words each: (10x5=50) Q2. Q3. Q4. खण्ड B / SECTION B Q5.निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में वर्णन कीजिए :Describe the following in not... - [UPSC Soil & Water Conservation Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-soil-water-conservation-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Soil & Water Conservation Soil conservation Integrated watershed management Soil erosion and its management Dry land agriculture and its problems Technology for stabilizing agriculture production in rain fed areas Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production Criteria for scheduling irrigations Ways and means of reducing runoff losses of irrigation water Rainwater harvesting Drip and sprinkler... - [UPSC Soil & Nutrient Management Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-soil-nutrient-management-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Soil & Nutrient Management Soil physical, chemical and biological properties Processes and factors of soil formation Soils of India Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants Principles of soil fertility, soil testing and fertilizer recommendations Integrated nutrient management... - [UPSC Weed Science Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-weed-science-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Weed Science Weeds – their characteristics Dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications Cultural, biological, and chemical control of weeds - [UPSC Forestry Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-forestry-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Forestry Important features and scope Various types of forestry plantations such as social forestry, agro forestry, and natural forests. Propagation of forest plants. Forest products, Agro forestry and value addition Conservation of forest flora and fauna - [UPSC Agronomy Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-agronomy-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Agronomy Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of various cropping and farming systems. Organic and Precision farming. Package of practices for production of important A. CerealsB. PulsesC. Oil seedsD. FibresE. SugarF. CommercialG. Fodder crops. A. Cereals B. Pulses C.... - [UPSC Ecology & Environmental Science Previous Year Questions – PYQs, Year Wise & Topic Wise](https://fundaias.com/upsc-ecology-environmental-science-previous-year-questions-pyqs-year-wise-topic-wise/): Ecology & Environmental Science Ecology and its relevance to man Natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Agro ecology; cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals, and humans. Climate change – International conventions and global initiatives. 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