Package of Practices for Production of Important | UPSC Agriculture Optional

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Package of Practices for Production of Important

Package of practices for production of important

Cereals
Millets
Pulses
Oil seeds
Fibers
Sugar crop
Commercial
Forage and Grasses

CEREAL CROPS	RICE	WHEAT	MAIZE
Botanical Name	Oryza sativa Oryza glaberrima (Africa) (2n = 24)	Triticum aestivum (Hexa) (2n = 42)	Zea mays (2n = 20)
Chromosome No.	SUB SPECIES Indica, Japonica, Javonica	T. durum (Macaroni) T.dicoccum (Emmer) T. monoccocum (Einkorn)	indurate = Flint com everta = Pop.com saccharate = sweetcorn
Origin	Origin: Indo- Burma Inflorescence: Panicle	Origin: S-W ASIA (Turky)	Origin: Mexico Indentata = Dent.com
Geographical area	Acreage: WB > UP > MP > Bihar > Orissa > AP Total Production: WB > UP > AP > Punjab > TN Average Yield: Punjab (3.39t/ha)>Haryana (2.96t/ha)> Tamil Nadu (2.69t/ha)	Area: 25.93 (m.ha), Production 69.3 (m.t) Productivity 2671 (kg / ha)	India occuples 5th place in area and 11th place in production, Area: U.P. > Rajasthan > M.P. > Kamataka > Bihar. Production: U.P. > Bihar > Karnataka.
Economic importance	Protein is present in aleuron and endosperm 6 to 9% and average is 7.5%, Rice husk is used as animal feed, for paper making, as fuel source, Rice bran oil is used in soap industry	Second important staple cereal food, mostly eaten in the form of chapattis, used for manufacturing bread, flakes, cakes, biscuits etc. Wheat straw is a good source of feed for cattle.	85% is consumed as human food and industrial products. Alcohol, Com Starch (Dextrose), Glucose, Corn oil, corn syrup, used in canning Industry, production of polymer, making paper
Soil Type	Acidic — saline alkali, clay, silt clay/ silty clay loam, marshy soils loamy, pH 4.5-8.5	Soils with a clay loam or loam texture, good structure and moderate water holding capacity are ideal for wheat cultivation	pH ranges from 5.5 to 7.5water logging 3 days reduce the yield by 40 to 45% well drained sandy loam to silt loam soil
Climate	High humidity, prolonged sunshine rain falls 800 1000 mm, 20- 250 $\degree$ C	Optimum temperature is 20-220 $\degree$ C	12-150 $\degree$ C during growing period and around 30 $\degree$ C during maturity
Land preparation	Ploughing, harrowing, planking; tilth must be good and firm for better germination Puddling is ploughing the land with standing water until the soil becomes soft and muddy.	Water logged areas should be avoided. The land should be ploughed thoroughly three to four times to make the soil well pulverized and should be leveled properly	Prepared flat-beds which has given 4-5 deep ploughing provided an ideal condition for sowing of crop ideal condition for sowing of crop.
Sowing time / season	Kharif 15 June-7 July	15th October to 1st week of November	Kharif: month of February/March. Rabi: middle of October to middle of November
Seed rate	Broadcasting -100kg Transplanting—60kg Hybrid – 15 kg Dapog – 2-3 kg/m² (4-6 seedling/hill) -@ 14 DAS SRI – 5-6 Kg/ha -@ 12 DAS	75 -100 kg/ha Broadcast —125 kg/ha	Composite: 20 kg/ha, Hybrids: 5 kg/ha
Seed treatment	Dissolve 3 g fungicide (e.g., Benlate + Mancozeb or Arazone red alone) per kg seed in 5 ml water inside a plastic bag	Carbendazim or Thiram at 2 g/kg	Bavistan @ 3gm/Kg of seeds before sowing in the field.
Spacing	20 × 10 cm 25 × 25 cm 30 × 30 cm	20 — 22.5 cm apart	60 × 20cm. 83,333 plants/ha. For maximum yield: 1.1 1/ha with 60x15cm .
FYM & Fertilizer management	FYM 5-10t / ha Azolla 6 t/ ha, 2-3 t/ha lime 15-30 days before sowing Kharif – kg/ha Summer – 125: 62.5 :62.5 kg/ha Basal dose — 50%N full P & K Tillenng (30DAS) 25%, Panicle initiation 25%	Spread 12.5 t/ha of FYM or compost 4-6 week before sowing IR -120:60: 40 Kg/ha RF -40:30: 20 kg /ha Basal dose -50% N + full P&K 30 DAP – 50%N	12.5 t of FYM/ha IR – 150:75: 40 Kg /ha RF – 100:50: 25 kg/ha ZnS04 — 10 kg/ha for Whiptip
Water management	800-2500mm/ha 1kg rice =500L seedling, transplanting, Tillering, panicle, booting, milky dough stage	5 irrigations critical stages, immediately after sowing, crown root initiation (15-20 DAS), active tillering stage (35-40 DAS), flowering stage (50- 55 DAS) and grain filling stage (70-75 DAS	Requires 500 to 600 Critical stages for irrigation are taselling and silking
Weed management	Use Butachlor 1.25kg/ha or Anil ophos 0.4kg/ha as pre-emergence application 2,4-D, sodium salt post emergence.	Apply herbicides 2, 4 D @ O.75-1 kg a.e/ha for broad leaf weeds -Isoproturon @ 800 g/ha as preemergence in 3 da s after sowing-two hand weeding.	Apply herbicides Atrazine @ 1-1.25 kg a.e/ha (peremergence) 2, 4-D@O.75 Kg a.e/ha 30-35 DAS
Harvesting	Usually cut with a sickle at 15 to 25 cm above the ground, PHT: Threshing, Drying, Winnowing and cleaning, Grading, Storage Rice processing: Parboilin Curin Millin Polishin	Leaves and stems turn yellow and becomes fairly dry. 20-25% moisture content. Harvest using sickle. grain is dried for 3 to 4 days for getting 10 to 12 % moisture	Cob sheath tums brownish, grains become hard. They are piled up for24 hours and then dried in the sun for 5 or 6 days to reduce the moisture to 10 to 12%.
Yield	Transplant – 70 -80 q/ha Grain, 80 -85 tons/ha Straw Aerobic – 50 — 55 q/ha Grain, 60 -62 tons/ha Straw SRI – 80 — 85 q/ha Grain,90-95 tons ha Straw	IR – 60 – 70 q /ha. RF – 12 – 15 q / ha	Grain = 70 — 80 q/ha Straw = 12 – 15 q/ha QUEEN OF CEREAL High yield potential
Varieties	1st Varieties– IR-8, IR72, TN-I Hybrids — HYV- Jaya, Swarna, Vijetha, Mutation – Jaganath, Parbhani,Suttari	1st Introduction — Sonara -63. 64, Lerma roja 2nd Introduction — Kalyansona, Sonalika (Rust), Sharbatisonara Mutation — Sharbati sonara	Introduction — Sikkim primitive 1, 2 Composite — ShaktimanSona, Vijay Synthetic– Babycom — CoBC 1 3 way cross — Trishula 2 way cross – Ganga 1
Importance	DWARF gene: Dee Gee Woo Gen MS line: Wild aborative / Baro cytoplasm. Staple crop of Asia Kuttanadu rice — grown in below sea level —GI tag (Rice is also grown in high altitude)	Dwarf gene — Norin — 10 MS line – KING OF CEREALS -Protein 11-12 % –Gluten = Gleadin + Glutanin -Baking industry	OPAQUE 2 genes – fich in lysine -Teosinte —ra;ative of maize –Double cross hybrid — R.F. JONES -Barberamc Clingtok — jumping genes Protein = Zein Yellow colour — Zeaxanthin – Zerm oil – 4%

CEREAL CROPS	SORGHUM (JOWAR	BAJRA (PEARL MILLET)	OAT
Botanical Name	Sorghum bicolor (2n = 20)	Pennisetum americanum (2n = 20)	Avena sativa (2n = 42)
Chromosome No.	–	P. glaucum	–
Origin	Origin: Ethiopia/sudan (Africa)	Origin: Africa (Sahel region)	Origin: Asia
Geographical area	Production:11.08 mt. Productivity: 950 kg/ha. In India, 92.0% of the area is under rainfed. Area: Maharashtra > Karnataka > MP > AP. In Maharashtra, Karnataka, grown in kharif and rabi.	Area: Rajasthan (4.7 m.ha) >Maharastra (1.95 m.ha) >Gujarath (1.0 m.ha) > UP (0.8m.ha) Production Rajasthan >Maharastra> Gujarat > TN > UP	It is cultivated on large scale in Punjab, Haryana, U.P. and a limited area in certain partof HP, Maharashtra, M.P., Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal. In Tamil Nadu, it is grown in Nilgris.
Economic importance	India, it ranks third in major food crop, especially central and peninsular, similar to rice as cooked food, malted, flour for Dosai and making Chapathi or Rotti, popped, semolina.	For Roti or Chapati, Porridges and cooked grains are also used, fried preparations, foods such as fermented products and beer, Oxalic acid content is very high. So, it is not relished by cattle	Used as green fodder, straw, hay or silage, Oat grain makes a good balanced concentrate in the rations for Poultry, Cattle, Sheep and Horse, Green fodder contains about 10-12% protein. er
Soil Type	Grown on deep, well drained permeable soils. pH range of 6.0-8.5, sensitive to aluminum toxicity and soils with acid saturation	High texture, low fertility, mid saline, black, alluvial & red sandy, pH 5.5-8	Soil with good water-holding capacity
Climate	It can tolerate high temperature throughout its life cycle, 26-300 C temperature for good growth. Annual rainfall between 45 to 65 cm	Warm weather, 400- 750mm, tolerate frost, 30- 35 0 C, sensitive to photoperiod	Grows best in cool and moist climate
Land preparation	Three systems of sorghum sowing are followed: – Sowing on a flat surface, or Using ridge-and-furrow system, or -On a broad bed-andfurrow system.	Prepare the field by doing 1st ploughing with Moul bold plough followed by 2-3 ploughing with cultivator to pulverise the soil.	Land should be made weed free from previous planting and land ploughed 6 to 7 time to achieve fine tilth stage.
Sowing time/season	Kharif-June-July Rabi– Mid Sept-mid Oct Summer – Mid JanMid Feb	15 June-15 July	Mid-October to mid- November
Seed rate	Irrigated: Transplanted – 7.5 kg/ha; Direct sown 10 kg/ha Rainfed (Direct sown) – 15 kg/ha	3-5 kg/ ha	100 kg/ha.
Seed treatment	300 mesh Sulfur powder @ 4 gm of sulfur per kg of seeds for controlling the smut disease. seed soaked in 30% salt solution.	thiram or cabendazim @22.5gm per Ikg of seed before sowing to avoid seed borne diseases.	Treat seeds with hot water prior to planting to kill fungi; treat seeds with systemic fungicide (fungi inside seed) fun icide
Spacing	45-50 x 10-15cm	40 ×10cm	20-23cm row (fodder), 23-25cm (grain)
FYM & Fertilizer management	10-15t /ha of FYM 4-5 weeks before sowing IR – 100:75: 40 kg/ha RF – 65:40: 40 kg/ha	10-15 t FYM/ ha IR – 100:65: 65 kg/ha RF – 50:25: 10 kg/ha, foliar spray of 2-3 % urea	Apply FYM 12.5 t/ha kg NPK/ha
Water management	Critical stage of irrigation — flowering, grain filling	Not in kharif but req @cfitical growth stages, 4550ha cm, tillering, panicle, soft /hard dough	4-5 irrigations provide good yields. Critical stage is tillering
Weed management	Apply herbicides: Atrazine @ 1-1.25 kg a.e/ha (peremergence) 2, 4- D@O.75 Kg a.e/ha 30-35 DAS	khurpi after 15 and 30-35 days of sowing Use Atrazine @1.25kg/ha. Pendamethylene 30EC @2.5 litres with atrazine to control weeds.	One hand weeding is sufficient
Harvesting	Most of the high yielding varieties and hybrids mature in about 100 to 115 days, less than 25% moisture	Grain becomes hard contain 20-25% moisture	Crop needs about 120 to 150 days to mature (41/2 to 5 months), common practice to take 2 or 3 cuttings of fodder and then grow for seed.
Yield	IR: Grain 40 – 50 q / ha, Straw 10 – 12 tons/ha RE: Grain 20 – 25 q / ha, Straw 5 — 7 tons /ha	IR: 30 — 35 q /ha 1 ton /ha RF: 12 – 20 q /ha 0.7 ton /ha	50-60t fodder and 200400 kg grain/ha.
Varieties	Introduction — Milo & Kaffir (USA) Varieties — CSV — 1,2 Hybrid – CSH- 1,2,3 Striga resistant — N-13, SPV -462 Mutation – CSV -5, co 19	Shardha, Saburi, shanty, HB-I, HB-3 ps – B 8, PSB-15, Mukta	Kent, Algeri an, Bunker 10, Coachmen, HFO 114, UPO 50.
Importance	MS line – Milo & combined kaffir Sorhum associated problem Sorghum poisoning: HCN/Durrin/Prussin -Sorghum injury/effect: N immobile -Pellagra: Nai cin	MS line – Tift 23- A Largest coarse cereal	–

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